WEBVTT 00:00.480 --> 00:04.560 Hello. Welcome back to Antisocial Studies. I'm Emily Glengler, and I'm so excited because 00:05.060 --> 00:08.360 today I get to teach you about the 90s. It was a time when 00:08.860 --> 00:12.400 I was alive. Okay, we're not only covering the 90s today, but we are covering 00:12.900 --> 00:16.080 the beginning, the first part of Unit 9. And Unit 9 00:16.560 --> 00:20.480 is like the previous two units in the AP World History Curriculum. 00:20.980 --> 00:24.280 In theory, it's the entire 20th century. But the theme of Unit 00:24.780 --> 00:28.080 9 is globalization, which is really the buzzword for 00:28.580 --> 00:31.720 kind of the post Cold war world, the 90s and the 2000s. And like, 00:32.220 --> 00:34.980 he y' all will be alive during some of this unit. So I'm gonna break 00:35.480 --> 00:38.980 this down into three parts, focusing on different aspects 00:39.480 --> 00:42.660 of kind of the changing, globalizing world. And the reason why I'm going a little 00:43.160 --> 00:45.540 bit more in depth in unit 9 than I have in the other unit intros 00:46.040 --> 00:49.180 is because your teachers might not 00:49.680 --> 00:53.020 make it here before the AP exam. And if they don't, 00:53.100 --> 00:56.620 that's totally fine. Just watch these videos instead. That's what I'm having 00:57.120 --> 00:59.750 my own kids do. And so the good news here is that this is the 01:00.250 --> 01:03.430 unit that you can go the quickest through. You don't have to necessarily have the 01:03.930 --> 01:07.350 level of depth that you've needed for other units. It's kind of similar to Unit 01:07.850 --> 01:10.910 one in that way. And so also, I think it's the easiest unit because, 01:11.410 --> 01:14.310 like I mentioned before, you've lived through some of this unit, and you are still 01:14.810 --> 01:17.790 living through some of this unit. And so a lot of it is relatively intuitive. 01:17.950 --> 01:20.950 So what you really just need is you need to just see, you know, 01:21.450 --> 01:24.910 really the 90s through today and kind of maybe the last 100 years more generally 01:25.310 --> 01:28.950 through the lens of history, as opposed to the lens of, like, just what 01:29.450 --> 01:32.790 you know. Right. So the guiding question for Unit 9 01:33.290 --> 01:35.710 comes from the AP World History of Curriculum. And they want you to be able 01:36.210 --> 01:40.030 to explain the extent to which science and technology brought change in the period from 01:40.530 --> 01:43.950 1900 to the present. We're going to answer this question in three parts. Part one 01:44.450 --> 01:47.150 that we're going to focus on today is the fact that science and technology is 01:47.650 --> 01:50.830 going to unify the globe. It unifies people, and it facilitates social 01:51.330 --> 01:54.590 and economic advancement and exchange in a way that we've never seen before. 01:55.020 --> 01:57.380 So in a lot of ways, unit nine is actually pretty similar to, like, 01:57.880 --> 02:01.700 the period of 1200, 1450, where we're seeing massive regional trade networks like the Silk 02:02.200 --> 02:06.140 Road and the Indian Ocean connecting people, having cultural diffusion. But it's just happening 02:06.640 --> 02:10.060 now almost instantaneously and all around the globe kind of happening 02:10.560 --> 02:13.620 at the same time. I will just give you a little preview. The next topic 02:14.120 --> 02:16.260 that we're going to talk about in part two of this video series is going 02:16.760 --> 02:20.580 to be how technology and science is going to accelerate economic growth and 02:21.080 --> 02:25.020 so the changing economy from, you know, the last hundred years, but more specifically 02:25.520 --> 02:27.860 the 90s to today. And then the third part of the series is going to 02:28.360 --> 02:31.700 be about really the modern set of problems that we're facing. And that's going to 02:32.200 --> 02:35.620 be the video of you just going, yeah, we know, Emily, we know about climate 02:36.120 --> 02:40.620 change. So let's focus first on how science and technology is unifying 02:41.120 --> 02:44.460 people and it's allowing social and economic advancement in a way 02:44.960 --> 02:48.540 that we've never seen before. So really, there's a few topics here 02:49.040 --> 02:52.500 that I want to cover. One is that new technology is eliminating geographic barriers. 02:53.060 --> 02:56.160 It's allowing for better, more efficient communication and 02:56.660 --> 02:59.280 transportation. And a lot of this is pretty obvious when we're talking about communication. 02:59.360 --> 03:02.760 You have the radio. Like the radio is invented at least like the 03:03.260 --> 03:06.400 commercial radio that can be used in people's home. Right around 1900s, the beginning of 03:06.900 --> 03:10.040 the century, obviously we're eventually going to have TVs. I really want to talk to 03:10.540 --> 03:12.800 you for a second about a thing called instant messaging. 03:14.720 --> 03:18.160 Gen Z instant messaging or AIM from 03:18.660 --> 03:22.400 America Online. Instant messaging was, it was like ahead of its time. 03:22.900 --> 03:26.760 If you were a 90s kid, you could just sit on your aim instant messaging 03:27.260 --> 03:30.080 thing all weekend and hope that the person that you liked screen name would pop 03:30.580 --> 03:34.360 up that they were online too. And then there was this whole weird dance of 03:34.860 --> 03:37.280 like, if you had to go away, what your away message would be and you 03:37.780 --> 03:41.200 want it to be really cute. The point is, this was at 03:41.700 --> 03:45.520 the time the Internet really exploding into people's homes where you could start to 03:46.020 --> 03:49.080 use like chat rooms before they were super creepy. Maybe they're always creepy and I 03:49.580 --> 03:52.440 just didn't realize. And you could use instant messaging where you could sit there and 03:52.880 --> 03:56.560 like, text through your computer instantaneously with your friends and whoever you wanted 03:57.060 --> 03:58.920 to. I know this seems really basic now, but it was very exciting in the 03:59.420 --> 04:02.360 90s. Okay, obviously now we have the iPhone, right? The iPhone comes out from Apple 04:02.860 --> 04:06.200 in 2006, which is probably later than you thought it was. And so all of 04:06.700 --> 04:09.920 this is creating these elimination of barriers of communication where you can now, 04:10.720 --> 04:14.320 first, in the early 1900s, you just have like across the country 04:14.820 --> 04:17.680 or even across the world, you can have different people Listening to the same thing, 04:18.180 --> 04:21.680 the same speech, whatever. By the 1950s, 60s, you have television, 04:21.890 --> 04:25.720 you know, uniting nations together and creating more unified culture and cultural 04:26.220 --> 04:29.560 experiences. And then the Internet, like, really booming in the 1990s and beyond. 04:30.060 --> 04:33.320 Okay. It also eliminates barriers of transportation. So we start to have 04:33.480 --> 04:36.920 way more efficient shipping methods, huge shipping containers that can 04:37.420 --> 04:41.480 be carried on these massive ships, planes, obviously, Amazon prime, 04:41.980 --> 04:44.840 yada, yada, yada. You get it? Okay. The second thing is we have a lot 04:45.340 --> 04:48.680 of medical innovations that improve the length and quality of life. But the problem is 04:49.180 --> 04:52.450 that a lot of those medical innovations are created out of necessity because there are 04:52.950 --> 04:56.290 also a lot of global health crises in the 20th 04:56.790 --> 04:58.690 and now 21st centuries. This is going to be a little bit too soon, 04:59.190 --> 05:01.890 but we got to learn about it. So first is you have the rise of 05:02.390 --> 05:06.370 vaccinations, like polio and the smallpox vaccination and 05:06.870 --> 05:10.370 measles and whatever. And so that's really rising in the 20th century as 05:10.870 --> 05:14.570 medicine gets more advanced. You have various forms of birth control kind of escalating into 05:15.070 --> 05:18.730 the pill in the 1960s, which just gives women a lot more control over when 05:19.230 --> 05:22.870 or if they want to have children. And really, that's an interesting piece of 05:23.370 --> 05:27.110 evidence, because it's also evidence of just improving quality of 05:27.610 --> 05:30.750 life anyway, because one, if you're more confident that your children that 05:31.250 --> 05:34.990 you have will survive, you're not going to have as many. But also, as economies 05:35.490 --> 05:38.709 around the world and societies grow more developed and advanced, they're moving away from kind 05:39.209 --> 05:42.910 of subsistence agriculture. Families don't really have an incentive to have more 05:43.410 --> 05:48.470 than, I don't know, one to three kids. Lastly, you also have new advancements 05:48.970 --> 05:52.510 in medicine and technology, like a lot of new treatments for hiv, aids after the 05:53.010 --> 05:56.420 AIDS epidemic that started and is ongoing, but started in the 1980s. 05:57.860 --> 06:00.700 I mean, we're all living this right now, right? We have the development of the 06:01.200 --> 06:04.500 COVID vaccine in, like, an insanely short amount of time, but that built on earlier 06:05.000 --> 06:08.100 vaccines that had been developed through modern medicine. The problem, like I 06:08.600 --> 06:12.300 said, is that a lot of these modern medical advancements come out of crises. 06:12.800 --> 06:15.980 They come out of global pandemics. So you had the Spanish flu pandemic 06:16.480 --> 06:19.390 in 1918. I'm using air quotes because it did not start in Spain, as far 06:19.890 --> 06:22.030 as we know. It actually started in Kansas, either on a pig farm or a 06:22.530 --> 06:26.310 military base. But the point is that actually World War I spreads this Spanish flu. 06:26.810 --> 06:30.430 So it was a really especially kind of strong variant of the flu. 06:30.590 --> 06:34.150 It starts, we believe, in Kansas when the U.S. troops enter World 06:34.650 --> 06:37.470 War I in 1917. They take it over with them. It then sort of lives 06:37.550 --> 06:40.670 in these gross, dirty trenches and kind of mutates over that year. 06:41.170 --> 06:43.070 And then when the war ends and all the soldiers go home, they spread it 06:43.570 --> 06:45.950 all around the world. The reason why we call it the Spanish Flu is because 06:46.450 --> 06:49.310 Spain was neutral in World War I, and so they were not censoring their news. 06:49.710 --> 06:53.010 So the first reported cases that were, like, publicized were coming 06:53.510 --> 06:56.810 out of Spain because they were like, we don't. We don't care. We're not censoring 06:57.310 --> 07:00.730 what people know. Whereas in the US And Britain and France, they didn't want to 07:01.230 --> 07:03.690 create any other panics while we were also trying to fight the war. So we 07:04.190 --> 07:07.410 call it the Spanish Flu. That's wrong. Really. The more correct form would just 07:07.910 --> 07:11.450 be like the flu pandemic of 1918. Okay. You also, like I mentioned before, 07:11.950 --> 07:16.010 have modern pandemics, like the HIV AIDS pandemic, the modern COVID pandemic. 07:16.510 --> 07:20.030 Y' all get. Technology is also facilitating a global popular culture. 07:20.530 --> 07:23.110 Really, for the first time in this whole course, we've been talking about cultural diffusion 07:23.610 --> 07:25.950 a lot. We've been talking about the spread of Buddhism along the Silk Road, 07:26.450 --> 07:30.190 the spread of Christianity, the spread of Islam through trade and conquest, that sort 07:30.690 --> 07:35.150 of thing. But what we have, really, in the post 1950s world is 07:35.650 --> 07:39.110 really, for the first time, a global popular culture. And what 07:39.610 --> 07:42.910 that really looks like is a global Western culture and really American culture. 07:43.410 --> 07:46.560 This is something where the United States has created the most 07:47.060 --> 07:50.000 successful cultural empire that we've ever seen in world history. 07:50.400 --> 07:53.440 Some examples of that would be Hollywood, like the United States, 07:53.940 --> 07:58.160 Hollywood being kind of the center of the film industry, although that then spreads 07:58.660 --> 08:02.520 and diffuses and adapts and creates syncretic cultures like Bollywood in 08:03.020 --> 08:06.640 India and other film industries that are sort of taking what they've learned from the 08:07.140 --> 08:10.200 American film and TV industry and then adapting it to their own culture, which is 08:10.700 --> 08:13.720 really cool. That, like, takes us all the way back to, like, Swahili, right? 08:14.220 --> 08:17.520 With Arabic and the Bantu languages mixing. That's all that's happening right now in something 08:18.020 --> 08:21.320 like Bollywood. You also have social media. I don't need to lecture you all about 08:21.820 --> 08:25.240 social media. That is helping create a global popular culture where, like, people from across 08:25.740 --> 08:28.919 the globe, especially young people, can all be, like, watching the same event, talking about 08:29.419 --> 08:32.480 the same event, whatever. K Pop. I don't 08:32.980 --> 08:35.680 know. I. I could not name it. I don't know what band this is. 08:36.320 --> 08:39.320 I have no idea. I'm looking Like I have a producer that can like tell 08:39.820 --> 08:42.040 me it's just me, but I don't know what band this is. But like K 08:42.540 --> 08:45.990 Pop's an example, right? Of it's not just Western culture flowing 08:46.490 --> 08:50.470 outward, other civilizations are rising to where we're also getting 08:50.970 --> 08:54.550 like Korean culture into the west as well. You have 08:54.790 --> 08:58.550 mega sporting events that are really bringing together the world 08:59.050 --> 09:01.670 in a way that's very literal for a few weeks or a month at a 09:02.170 --> 09:05.350 time. That could be like the World cup, that could be the Olympics, 09:05.430 --> 09:08.870 Olympic opening ceremonies, for example, are. I did like 09:09.370 --> 09:13.110 a whole dissertation on this in undergrad for history. But they're a whole like 09:13.610 --> 09:16.380 distillation of what is going on at the world at that moment. And it's really 09:16.530 --> 09:19.650 fascinating. And so finally you just have global culture 09:20.150 --> 09:23.930 with like food and clothing. The American jeans, which started out 09:24.430 --> 09:27.730 as like sturdy for American farmers, spread and become just sort of 09:28.230 --> 09:31.490 this like very general piece of clothing that most cultures have. 09:31.650 --> 09:35.130 You have McDonald's all around the world. Sorry, you had for 09:35.630 --> 09:38.210 a while a Starbucks in the Forbidden City in China, 09:38.770 --> 09:42.050 which just blows my mind. And then the Chinese people were like, 09:42.530 --> 09:45.770 that seems like a little bit too far. So it closed down. So those are 09:46.270 --> 09:50.210 all examples. The other thing is that technology and increased communication, 09:50.710 --> 09:53.930 this increasing connection and better communication and lowering of barriers 09:54.430 --> 09:58.090 is going to allow historically oppressed groups to unite and push for their own advancement 09:58.250 --> 10:02.250 more efficiently than ever before. So you have my love, 10:02.750 --> 10:06.730 Eleanor Roosevelt. Here she is, she's always next to me. Hey Eleanor. 10:07.370 --> 10:11.170 She is going to get together with the new United nations and these countries are 10:11.670 --> 10:13.800 going to literally be able to come together and sit in the same room and. 10:13.950 --> 10:17.190 And she comes together with this UN Council to create the Universal Declaration 10:17.690 --> 10:20.910 of Human Rights where we are literally attempting to create a 10:21.410 --> 10:25.070 global philosophy. Like think about how we've talked about how Confucianism has united 10:25.570 --> 10:29.150 China, for example. The UN is attempting to do that globally 10:29.650 --> 10:33.350 and say we as an entire world culture on planet Earth are going to try 10:33.850 --> 10:37.190 to decide morally and ethically what we can and cannot do to other human 10:37.690 --> 10:41.190 beings. It has not worked perfectly, but I mean, we haven't 10:41.690 --> 10:45.030 given it that much time yet. We also have examples of other groups that had 10:45.530 --> 10:48.990 been previously dispersed, like black people who had been forcibly spread 10:49.490 --> 10:52.550 around the globe as a result of slavery in the African Diaspora. 10:53.050 --> 10:56.990 They're not able to connect back together and have some shared experience as black people 10:57.390 --> 11:00.990 in white dominated cultures and governments. And so you have 11:01.230 --> 11:04.550 African American leaders like W.E.B. du Bois working with Jamaican 11:05.050 --> 11:09.430 leaders like Marcus Garvey and with kind of African leaders, Kwame Nkrumah, 11:09.930 --> 11:13.430 for example. And they're all starting to come together and they have these literal 11:13.930 --> 11:17.250 meetings, these conversations, conferences throughout the 1900s to discuss what 11:17.750 --> 11:21.650 are the common issues facing black people all around the globe in Latin America. 11:22.150 --> 11:24.930 You have a really interesting religious development that's happening within the Catholic Church, which is 11:25.430 --> 11:28.890 called liberation theology. So essentially this could go all the way back to the conquest, 11:29.390 --> 11:33.130 right, where Catholicism was forced onto a lot of the American cultures. 11:33.450 --> 11:36.930 But we've talked about from the beginning that Latin American Catholicism 11:37.430 --> 11:41.450 from the beginning has been distinct. It has always taken still some of the indigenous 11:41.950 --> 11:45.890 elements of their indigenous religions and kind of melded to create this new syncretic 11:46.390 --> 11:49.836 form of Catholicism. Well, that really reaches its peak in like the 1960s, 11:49.984 --> 11:53.490 1970s, when a lot of Latin American Catholic priests start 11:53.990 --> 11:57.330 applying Catholic teachings to social issues that are being experienced in Latin 11:57.830 --> 12:01.530 America. So the plight of peasants, the necessity of land redistribution, 12:01.770 --> 12:05.690 fighting against military dominated governments that are not allowing freedom of expression. 12:06.010 --> 12:10.170 You start to see priests like Oscar Romero who are using their Catholic teachings 12:10.650 --> 12:13.690 to directly apply them to the plight of the poor and this quote, 12:14.190 --> 12:17.610 unquote, common people in Latin America. Finally, access to education 12:17.690 --> 12:21.850 and professional opportunities also expands to more social classes and minorities. And so 12:22.350 --> 12:25.610 you have something like the reservation quota system in India, which is an attempt 12:26.110 --> 12:30.010 to undo a lot of the damage of the millennia of the caste system. 12:30.090 --> 12:33.850 So Gandhi pushed to abolish the caste system formally in India. But of course, 12:34.250 --> 12:37.570 like we see in a lot of societies like the United States, we still see 12:38.070 --> 12:41.290 systemic racism and systemic issues continuing. And so India 12:41.790 --> 12:45.610 has implemented a thing called the reservation quota system that 12:45.690 --> 12:49.170 is sort of like affirmative action in the United States for the lower caste 12:49.670 --> 12:53.530 to ensure that they are given equitable opportunity in 12:54.030 --> 12:57.650 education and housing and business, et cetera. You have the women's suffrage 12:58.150 --> 13:01.690 movement, right. First it's really applying mostly to kind of white Western women. 13:01.770 --> 13:05.130 But then eventually we're trying to expand voting rights to all 13:05.630 --> 13:08.970 sectors of each population and around the globe. We're still working on that in some 13:09.470 --> 13:13.090 regions of the world. And you have the dismantling of 13:13.590 --> 13:16.810 white supremacy around the world, at least formally. So you 13:17.310 --> 13:20.730 have movements like the ANC and the anti apartheid movement, which leads 13:21.230 --> 13:24.650 to the rise of Nelson Mandela, finally dismantling one of the last, at least 13:25.150 --> 13:28.450 formal, white supremacist governments in apartheid South Africa. This is 13:28.950 --> 13:32.770 where the American civil rights movement would factor into the global, these global social movements 13:33.270 --> 13:36.730 for rights. Obviously, we still have a long way to go, but these formal systems 13:37.230 --> 13:40.850 of kind of this social Darwinist rooted in the kind of 18th and 13:41.350 --> 13:45.130 19th centuries white supremacist governments are being formally dismantled 13:45.370 --> 13:48.850 thanks to technology and increased communication, being able to 13:49.350 --> 13:53.210 facilitate this change. So that is how science and technology is 13:53.710 --> 13:57.290 bringing significant change. It is unifying people. It's facilitating social and economic 13:57.790 --> 14:01.950 advancement. Next episode, we're going to talk about the accelerated economic growth that 14:02.450 --> 14:06.270 we experienced throughout the 1900s as a result of that improved science and 14:06.770 --> 14:09.270 technology. All right. I hope this is helpful. Follow me on all my channels, 14:09.770 --> 14:13.790 especially my TikTok. I'm going to be starting, especially after spring break, posting an 14:14.290 --> 14:18.110 AP World History video every day on TikTok from then until the AP exams. 14:18.610 --> 14:20.390 So check me out there. And if you really like the content I'm making, 14:20.630 --> 14:24.990 then check out my patreon@patreon.com antisocial studies enjoy 14:25.490 --> 14:25.590 the 90s.